Learners will appreciate how and what the nailfold capillaroscopy in a safe and simple manner may detect: from the very early capillaroscopic nonspecific abnormalities (a new very early SSc pattern will be presented), to the advanced stages (patterns) of the CTDs, in particular in systemic sclerosis and related clinical complications.

Learners will be instructed to use a fast track algorithm in order to differentiate a “scleroderma pattern” from a “non-scleroderma pattern. In addition, new observed patters, for example in COVID-19 patients will be presented. Very new capillaroscopic observations in pregnancy will be presented. 

The diagnostic, predictive and prognostic role of capillaroscopy in scleroderma will be explained and documented. Learners at the end of the session will have understood when a capillaroscopic pattern is pathologic and what to do. 

Learners will see how together the evaluation of the morphological changes of the microvascular bed (capillaroscopy) it is important also to functionally detect the peripheral blood flow in the same areas of scleroderma and psoriatic patients. 

Learners will observe practically, on clinical cases, how the nailfold capillaroscopic analysis is done and should be reported.